Skip to main content
NZ

References & Bibliography

The evidence base behind OptoGuide, in one place — 822+ sources across guidelines, clinical trials, Australian regulatory data, standard texts and device documentation. Each module page also keeps its own references at the point of use.

883 of 883 results

Paediatric — amblyopia, strabismus and cycloplegia

RANZCO — Paediatric Referral Guidelines (April 2025)

Open module for context

Paediatric — amblyopia, strabismus and cycloplegia

AAO — Accommodative esotropia (disease review)

Open module for context

Paediatric — amblyopia, strabismus and cycloplegia

RACGP — Evaluating squints (Aust Fam Physician 2013)

Open module for context

Paediatric — amblyopia, strabismus and cycloplegia

TGA ARTG 32265 — Minims Cyclopentolate 0.5%

Open module for context

Paediatric — amblyopia, strabismus and cycloplegia

TGA ARTG 32267 — Minims Cyclopentolate 1%

Open module for context

Paediatric — amblyopia, strabismus and cycloplegia

TGA ARTG 32256 — Minims Atropine Sulphate 1%

Open module for context

Anatomy schematic bibliography

Snell RS, Lemp MA. Clinical Anatomy of the Eye, 2nd ed. Blackwell, 1998, ch. 6.

Anatomy schematic bibliography

Remington LA. Clinical Anatomy and Physiology of the Visual System, 3rd ed. Elsevier, 2012, ch. 2.

Anatomy schematic bibliography

Wilson et al. The Corneal Basement Membranes and Stromal Fibrosis (2018), PMID 30098200.

Anatomy schematic bibliography

Remington LA. Clinical Anatomy and Physiology of the Visual System, 3rd ed. Elsevier, 2012, ch. 4.

Anatomy schematic bibliography

Kolb H. Simple anatomy of the retina. In: Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System. University of Utah, 2012 (webvision.med.utah.edu).

Anatomy schematic bibliography

Snell RS, Lemp MA. Clinical Anatomy of the Eye, 2nd ed. Blackwell, 1998, ch. 6 and 7.

Anatomy schematic bibliography

Alward WLM. Color Atlas of Gonioscopy, 2nd ed. American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2008 (landmark order).

Anatomy schematic bibliography

Snell RS, Lemp MA. Clinical Anatomy of the Eye, 2nd ed. Blackwell, 1998, ch. 3 and 4.

Anatomy schematic bibliography

Remington LA. Clinical Anatomy and Physiology of the Visual System, 3rd ed. Elsevier, 2012, ch. 9.

Anatomy schematic bibliography

von Noorden GK, Campos EC. Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility, 6th ed. Mosby, 2002, ch. 3.

Anatomy schematic bibliography

Snell RS, Lemp MA. Clinical Anatomy of the Eye, 2nd ed. Blackwell, 1998, ch. 5.

Anatomy schematic bibliography

Snell RS, Lemp MA. Clinical Anatomy of the Eye, 2nd ed. Blackwell, 1998, ch. 10.

Anatomy schematic bibliography

Miller NR, Newman NJ (eds). Walsh and Hoyt’s Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 6th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.

Anatomy schematic bibliography

Kardon RH. Anatomy and physiology of the autonomic nervous system. In: Miller NR, Newman NJ (eds). Walsh and Hoyt’s Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 6th ed. 2005.

Clinical guidelines & frameworks

RANZCO — Paediatric referral guidelines

Clinical guidelines & frameworks

RCOphth — Low Vision Guide

Australian regulatory & payment data sources

MBS Online — Medicare Benefits Schedule (optometry items)

Australian regulatory & payment data sources

Optometry Australia — therapeutics & PBS listing notices

Australian regulatory & payment data sources

NDIS — supports funded and early-childhood approach

Standard texts consulted

Miller NR, Newman NJ (eds). Walsh and Hoyt’s Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 6th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.

Afferent pathway, RAPD localisation and junctional scotoma; retained from the existing lesson.

Standard texts consulted

Salmon JF. Kanski’s Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach

Core systematic clinical ophthalmology reference.

Standard texts consulted

Kanski JJ. Signs in Ophthalmology: Causes & Differential Diagnosis

Sign-based differential diagnosis.

Standard texts consulted

Bagheri N, et al. The Wills Eye Manual

Office and emergency diagnosis and treatment of eye disease.

Standard texts consulted

Denniston AKO, Murray PI. Oxford Handbook of Ophthalmology

Comprehensive clinical handbook.

Standard texts consulted

Tsai J, Denniston AKO, Murray PI, et al. Oxford American Handbook of Ophthalmology

US edition of the Oxford handbook.

Standard texts consulted

Bruce AS, Loughnan MS. Anterior Eye Disease and Therapeutics A-Z

Anterior-segment / ocular-surface conditions and therapeutics.

Standard texts consulted

Pane A, Miller NR, Burdon M. The Neuro-Ophthalmology Survival Guide

Neuro-ophthalmology triage and red-flag reference.

Standard texts consulted

Scheiman M, Wick B. Clinical Management of Binocular Vision

Binocular vision and accommodative disorders.

Clinical reference sources (disease & systemic content)

EyeWiki (American Academy of Ophthalmology)

Clinical reference sources (disease & systemic content)

StatPearls — NCBI Bookshelf

Clinical reference sources (disease & systemic content)

Merck Manual — Professional Edition (Eye Disorders)

Clinical reference sources (disease & systemic content)

DermNet — ocular dermatology topics

Clinical reference sources (disease & systemic content)

RACGP — clinical guidelines (diabetes, GCA/PMR, hypertension, thyroid)

Clinical reference sources (disease & systemic content)

AAO — clinical statements (e.g. hydroxychloroquine retinopathy screening)

Clinical reference sources (disease & systemic content)

PubMed Central — systematic reviews and primary literature cited per record

Clinical reference sources (disease & systemic content)

Myopia Profile — clinical translation of myopia evidence

Clinical reference sources (disease & systemic content)

Healthdirect Australia — patient-facing condition information

Device, product & standards documentation

OCULUS Twinfield 2 perimeter

Device, product & standards documentation

Kowa AP-7000 perimeter

Device, product & standards documentation

AS/NZS 1338.1 — welding filter shade selection

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Episcleritis — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Blepharitis - EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Blepharitis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD) — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Ocular Rosacea - EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Ocular rosacea - DermNet

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis: past, present and future

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Primary angle closure / PAC / PACG — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Dacryoadenitis — StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Allergic Conjunctivitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Uveitis (anterior) — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Acute Anterior Uveitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Chalazion (Meibomian cyst) — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Trauma (chemical) — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Keratitis, CL-associated infiltrative — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Corneal abrasion — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Dacryocystitis (acute) — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Dacryocystitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca, KCS) — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Ocular surface disorders in intensive care patients — systematic review

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Clinical characteristics and treatment of filamentary keratitis

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Fungal Keratitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Microbial keratitis (bacterial, fungal) — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Varicella Zoster Virus Stromal Keratitis and Endotheliitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus - EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Hordeolum — College of Optometrists Clinical Management Guideline

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Infectious Crystalline Keratopathy — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Keratitis (marginal) — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Marginal Keratitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Bacterial Keratitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Neurotrophic Keratitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid (Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid) — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Cellulitis, preseptal and orbital — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Orbital Cellulitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Nonspecific Orbital Inflammation (Orbital Pseudotumor) — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Phlyctenular Keratoconjunctivitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Pinguecula — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Sub-conjunctival haemorrhage — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Basal cell carcinoma (periocular) — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Basal Cell Carcinoma — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Terrien Marginal Degeneration — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Thygeson Superficial Punctate Keratitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Thyroid Eye Disease — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Thyroid associated orbitopathy — Referral Access Criteria (WA Health)

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Conjunctivitis (viral, non-herpetic) — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

The Wills Eye Manual (Bagheri N, et al.) — standard reference text

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Age-Related Macular Degeneration PPP — AAO

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Age-Related Macular Degeneration — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Retinal vein occlusion — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Diabetic Retinopathy PPP — AAO

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Referral Pathway for Diabetic Retinopathy — RANZCO

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Papilledema — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Intravitreal Injections — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Pseudophakic cystoid macular oedema (PCMO) — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Retinal Detachment — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

ASRS — Retinal Detachment

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

ASRS — Retinal Tears

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

AAO EyeWiki — Horseshoe or Flap Tear

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Vitreous Hemorrhage — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Pterygium — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Canaliculitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Hyphema — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Endophthalmitis (post-operative) — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Endophthalmitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Leukocoria — AAPOS

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Leukocoria — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Strabismus — AAPOS

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Corneal transplant rejection — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

LASIK Complications — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Suspect PPP — AAO

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Glaucoma (chronic open angle) POAG — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma PPP — AAO

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Ocular hypertension (OHT) — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Macular Hole — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Vitreomacular traction and macular hole — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane and Vitreomacular Traction PPP — AAO

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Idiopathic epiretinal membrane — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Hypertensive Retinopathy — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Choroidal and Ciliary Body Melanoma — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Pigmented fundus lesions — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Optic Nerve Head Drusen — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Optic Disc Drusen — NANOS

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Retinitis Pigmentosa — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Keratoconus — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Cataract — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Primary Congenital Glaucoma — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Normal Tension Glaucoma — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Nasolacrimal duct obstruction — College of Optometrists CMG

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Fuchs Heterochromic Iridocyclitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Associated Uveitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

RANZCO — Paediatric Referral Guidelines (April 2025)

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Optic Nerve Hypoplasia — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (BKC) of Childhood — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Pediatric Cataracts Overview — AAO

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Intermediate Uveitis (incl. pars planitis) — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis (Posner-Schlossman Syndrome) — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Retinoblastoma — StatPearls

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Carotid-cavernous fistula — StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf)

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Dacryoadenitis — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Adie Pupil — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Abducens Nerve Palsy — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Cranial Nerve 4 Palsy — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Strabismus: Accommodative Esotropia — AAO

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Accommodative Esotropia — AAPOS

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Acanthamoeba keratitis — a review

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

In Vivo Confocal Microscopy of the Ocular Surface: From Bench to Bedside

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

RANZCO — Referral Pathway for AMD Management

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Diagnostic Approach to Vision Loss — Continuum, 2014; PMC edition

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Transient Vision Loss — North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Blackout: Understanding transient vision loss — RACGP, 2020

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Slit Lamp Examination — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

ESCRS Cataract Grading — Appendix 1

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Multimodal Imaging of Acute Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Corneal Epithelial Defect — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Chemical eye injury: pathophysiology, assessment and management

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

DICOM PS3.16 — Visual Field 24-2 Test Pattern

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Clinical Implications of Ultrasound-Based Morphology in Choroidal Melanoma

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Review of Spectral-Domain EDI-OCT of Tumours of the Choroid

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Imaging features of lacrimal gland disease

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction — StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Diagnostic dilemmas in retinitis and endophthalmitis

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Areas of uncertainty in endophthalmitis care

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Epiretinal membrane: an overview and update

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Fungal Keratitis — Improving Diagnostics by Confocal Microscopy

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

The Utility of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography in Neuro-Ophthalmology

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Suspect Preferred Practice Pattern®

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Homonymous Hemianopsia — North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Optometry Australia — Glaucoma Clinical Practice Guide, December 2020

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Malignant Hypertension and the Role of Ophthalmologists: A Review Article

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Chiou et al. — Confocal microscopy in infectious crystalline keratopathy

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

In vivo confocal microscopy features of infectious crystalline keratopathy

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Infectious crystalline keratopathy

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Heiligenhaus et al. — Uveitis in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Multimodal imaging in pediatric uveitis

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Meibography: A Review of Techniques and Technologies

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

ICHD-3 — 1.2 Migraine with aura

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Symptoms related to the visual system in migraine — F1000Research, 2019

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Migraine Visual Aura — North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

DICOM PS3.16 — Visual Field 24-2 Test Pattern

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Comprehensive Overview

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Neurotrophic Keratopathy: Update in Diagnosis and Management

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

DICOM PS3.16 — Visual Field 10-2 Test Pattern

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Central visual field in glaucoma: An updated review

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Suspect Preferred Practice Pattern®

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Anterior Chamber Angle Assessment Techniques: A Review

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Anterior Segment Imaging in Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Open Globe Injuries: Review of Evaluation, Management, and Surgical Pearls

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Optic nerve hypoplasia — clinical and systemic review

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Congenital anomalies of the optic nerve

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Diagnostic Neuroimaging in Neuro-ophthalmic Disorders

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Optic Neuritis

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Management of preseptal and orbital cellulitis

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

CT and MR imaging of orbital inflammation

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Pediatric cataract: challenges and future directions

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Uveitic Macular Edema: Treatment Update

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis: A Review

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Pharmacologic Dilation of Pupil — EyeWiki

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Progression of Partial Posterior Vitreous Detachment Over Time

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Approach to primary congenital glaucoma: A perspective

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Obstetrical forceps-induced Descemet membrane tears

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Harwerth et al. — Linking Structure and Function in Glaucoma

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema: update 2016

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Southern — Ultrasound of the Eye

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Retinoblastoma — a comprehensive review, update and recent advances

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Sainz de la Maza et al. — Scleritis and Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Diagnostic Approach to Diplopia — Continuum, 2014; PMC edition

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Wilson et al. — Terrien's Marginal Degeneration: Corneal Topography

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Extraocular muscle enlargement — McNab et al.

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Management of Thyroid Eye Disease: ATA/ETA Consensus Statement

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

RANZCO Screening and Referral Pathway for Diabetic Retinopathy

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Menicon Gas Permeable Fitting Guide

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

van der Worp. A Guide to Scleral Lens Fitting, second edition (2015)

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Scleral Lens Education Society: Scleral Lens Handling Guide

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Corneal Abrasions and Corneal Foreign Bodies — Merck Manual Professional

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Corneal foreign bodies — CMAJ 2022;194:E419

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Khodadoust Line (Corneal Endothelial Rejection)

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Moran CORE — Neovascularization of the Iris (Rubeosis Iridis)

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

University of Iowa — Neovascular glaucoma

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

TFOS DEWS III: Diagnostic Methodology (2025)

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

TFOS DEWS II Diagnostic Methodology

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

University of Iowa — Pigment dispersion syndrome / glaucoma atlas

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Retinal detachment – Shafer’s sign

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Cameron (1995) - Shield ulcers and plaques of the cornea in VKC

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Solomon et al (2004) - Surgical management of corneal plaques in VKC

Clinical images — modality & morphology evidence

Iowa - Palpebral VKC atlas

Australian service organisations

Vision Australia — services & referral

Clinically reviewed by Dr Ankit Mathur, PhD, Grad Cert Ocu Thera, B.S. Optom

OptoGuide is a clinical decision-support resource, not a substitute for professional judgement. Guideline, regulatory and payment sources change over time — verify against the linked primary source before relying on any figure for certification or prescribing. Datasets are versioned in-app (Medicare item set, contact-lens and drug catalogues) with the effective date shown on the relevant module.